Lectures

Antibiotics course.1-Quinolones : lecture

Contents :-Quinolones and fluoroquinolones.Other quinolones.Basic structure of the quinolones.Mechanism of action.Spectrum of fluroquinolon...

10 Dec 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »
Notes

Hyperparathyroidism : note

• Hyperparathyroidism results from anincrease in the secretion of PTH (parathyroid hormon)• The most common cause (80% of thecases) is a be...

06 Dec 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »

Cystic fibrosis : note

• Patients with cystic fibrosissecrete very viscous mucus in the lung andsuffer repeated lung infections.The pancreas is also affected and ...

05 Dec 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »

Obstructive lung disease : note

• Lung volumes are changeddifferently by restrictive and obstructive disease.• Obstructive lung disease iscommonly associated with smoking ...

01 Dec 2010 / 1 Comments / Read More »

General anesthetic drugs : note

# General anesthetic drugs are :-Inhaled :-  * Halothane.   * Isoflurane.  * Nitrous oxide.Intravenous :-   *...

16 Oct 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »

Videos

  • How to use a peak flow meter : video

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  • The use and the action of Epipen : video

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  • Understanding of enzymes work : video

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  • Understanding of osmosis : video

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  • Exocitosis and endocitosis through cell membrane : video

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  • The structure of DNA : video

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  • The structure of chromosome : video

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  • Understanding of DNA replication process : video

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  • Understanding of meiosis process : video

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  • Understanding of active transport and Na/K pump : video

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Antibiotics course.1-Quinolones : lecture

Contents :-Quinolones and fluoroquinolones.Other quinolones.Basic structure of the quinolones.Mechanism of action.Spectrum of fluroquinolon...

10 Dec 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »

Mebendazole (Vermox) : drug card

Drug name # Mebendazole. Brand name # Vermox. Class of drug # Anthelmintic. Indications # Anthelmintic (Pinworms, Roundworms...

07 Dec 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »

Hepatitis A (HAV): Rapid review

·       Introduction. ·       Signs and symptoms....

28 Dec 2010 / 1 Comments / Read More »

The anatomy of the skeletal muscles : video

* How does skeletal muscle attach to bones ?* What are the parts of the skeletal muscle ?* How does the skeletal m...

18 Jul 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »

Antibiotics course.1-Quinolones : lecture

Contents :-Quinolones and fluoroquinolones.Other quinolones.Basic structure of the quinolones.Mechanism of action.Spectrum of fluroquinolon...

10 Dec 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »

Rapid Reviews

Hepatitis A (HAV): Rapid review

·       Introduction. ·       Signs and symptoms....

28 Dec 2010 / 1 Comments / Read More »

The use of muscle relaxants in surgical procedures : rapid review

# introduction* Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine ...

14 Jul 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »

Gallstones : rapid review

# How are the gallstones formed :-* Bile help the body to digest fat , it is made in the liver , stored in the gallbladder until the body n...

24 Jun 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »

Lipid lowering agents : rapid review

Preface   Triglycerides:     * main constituent of vegetable oil & animal fat .    * High ...

10 Jun 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »

Drug cards

Mebendazole (Vermox) : drug card

Drug name # Mebendazole. Brand name # Vermox. Class of drug # Anthelmintic. Indications # Anthelmintic (Pinworms, Roundworms...

07 Dec 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »

Acyclovir (Zovirax) : drug card

Drug name # Acyclovir. Brand name # Zovirax. Class of drug # Antiviral agent. Indications # Herpes simplex (HSV-1 and HSV-2) ...

11 Oct 2010 / 3 Comments / Read More »

Acetylcysteine ( mucomyst ) : drug card

Drug name # Acetylcysteine. Brand name # Mucomyst. Class of drug # Mucolytic agent.     # antidote. Indi...

04 Oct 2010 / 0 Comments / Read More »

Featured

  • Antibiotics course.1-Quinolones : lecture

    Contents :-Quinolones and fluoroquinolones.Other quinolones.Basic structure of the quinolones.Mechanism of action.Spectrum of fluroquinolon...

  • Mebendazole (Vermox) : drug card

    Drug name # Mebendazole. Brand name # Vermox. Class of drug # Anthelmintic. Indications # Anthelmintic (Pinworms, Roundworms...

  • Acyclovir (Zovirax) : drug card

    Drug name # Acyclovir. Brand name # Zovirax. Class of drug # Antiviral agent. Indications # Herpes simplex (HSV-1 and HSV-2) ...

  • The use of muscle relaxants in surgical procedures : rapid review

    # introduction* Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine ...

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The use of muscle relaxants in surgical procedures : rapid review

# introduction

* Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine activates muscles .
* The enzyme acetylcholinesterase converts acetylcholine into the inactive metabolites choline and acetate .
* Acetylcholinestrase enzyme is abundant in the synaptic cleft, and its role in rapidly clearing free acetylcholine from the synapse is essential for proper muscle function .
* Acetylcholine receptor agonists and antagonists can either have an effect directly on the receptors or exert their effects indirectly, e.g., by affecting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which degrades the receptor ligand. Agonists increase the level of receptor activation. antagonists reduce it.
* Certain neurotoxins work by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, thus leading to excess acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thus causing paralysis of the muscles needed for breathing and stopping the beating of the heart.

# Muscle relaxants

* Muscle relaxants Used as adjuncts to general anesthesia, to ensure that surgical procedures aren't distributed by muscle contraction of the patient.

* Two types of those muscle relaxants used with anesthesia :

1-Non- depolarizing :-

a- (d-tubocurarin) : it is given intravenously as it is not absorbed in GIT .
* Its effect start within 4 minutes & continues for 30 minutes
* The duration of action of d-tubocurarin can be shortened by administrating its antidote neostigmine (ACH esterase inhibitor) so inhibit ACH breakdown .
* Unwanted side effects result from non immune mediated release of histamine from mast cell leading to hypotension ,urticaria & bronchospasm .

b- Pancuronium (pavulon) : is a synthetic compound now frequently used .
* It's 5 fold more potent than d-tubocurarin & with somewhat longer duration & not likely to cause histamine release .
* Side effects : increase heart rate & blood pressure due to M2 cholinoceptor blockade &this effect not shared by newer congeners like vecuronium & pibecuronium .

2-depolarizing :-

* This class contain only succinylcholines (succinyldicholine & suxamethonium) .
* Its structure has double ACH molecule. it is not hydrolyzed by acetylcholinestrase but by butyrylcholinesterase, (a plasma cholinesterase). This hydrolysis by butyrylcholinesterase is much slower than that of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase.
* Its effect start within seconds & continues for 10 minutes so used at the start of the anesthesia to facilitate intubation.
* Side effects :
1- histamine release (scoline apnea).
2- hyperkalemia which may lead to cardiac arrhythmia .
3- bradycardia .
* Care must be taken during eye surgery ,as increasing in intraocular pressure may occur.

*references: color atlas of pharmacology, drugs.com, wikepedia, medicine.net .
*prepared by : Dr. Mustafa abd Eltawab .
*all rights are reserved for pharmacist development group .
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